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Exam 11: Single-Case, Quasi-Experimental, and Developmental Research

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Question 41

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A study by Orth and colleagues (2010) was conducted to study the development of self-esteem over time. They were interested in changes in self-esteem at various ages and over time. They identified six different age cohorts (25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75+) and examined their self-esteem ratings from 1986, 1989, 1994, and 2002. This type of design is best classified as a(n) _____.

A) cross-sectional method
B) interrupted time series design
C) sequential method
D) longitudinal study

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Question 42

Multiple Choice

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An advantage of the ABAB reversal design over the ABA design is that it:

A) is less expensive.
B) allows for fewer alternative explanations for the results.
C) can be used in clinical research.
D) is less time consuming.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Question 43

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If exposure to an earlier assessment affects behavior when a participant is assessed a second time, which of the following types of effects might the researcher suspect is the cause?

Sophia finds that her son Alex enjoys lemon candy. Sophia encourages Alex when he displays courteous behavior at home. She then starts reinforces this behavior at school, relatives' homes, and church. What type of single-case design does Sophia employ?

The use of existing natural groups of participants often results in:

A researcher asks students to record in a journal the emotions they experience every hour. She finds that over time, the descriptions become shorter and less detailed. What may be responsible for this change in performance?

A restaurant is interested in examining the effect of increasing the price of hamburgers on its sales. During the first six months of the year, it measures the number of hamburgers sold each day. It then increases the price and records the number of hamburgers sold each day for the last six months of the year. This quasi-experimental design would be an example of a(n) :

Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne, she becomes more responsive to his questions. He tries the same behavior on David, Chris, and B.J. and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions. What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ?

Developmental psychologists often study the ways that individuals change as a function of _____.

When asked if he would like to have some fruits along with his breakfast, Milo declines. He then attends an all-day presentation on the nutritional benefits of eating fruits. At the end of the presentation, Milo is again offered some fruits to eat and he accepts. What effect may be responsible for the change in Milo's response?

In developmental research, a cohort is:

Which one of the following is NOT a quasi-experimental design?

A multiple baseline design is often used when:

Teachers at School A were given a substance abuse knowledge test. During the next four months, the teachers attended training sessions on substance abuse. They were then given the knowledge test again. Similarly, teachers at School B were given the substance abuse knowledge test, and four months later they were given the test again. What kind of design was used in this research?

Over time, human observers may become fatigued or change the standards on which observations are based. When this change in measurement occurs over time, a researcher might attribute it to _____.

In order to study the effects of watching violent programs on children's aggressiveness, a researcher observes children's behavior after they watch 30 minutes of violent programs on television. The researcher concludes that television violence causes aggressiveness. A problem in this research is that:

The Terman Life Cycle Study began in 1921 and tracked California schoolchildren with particular intelligent scores. This study measured aspects of the individuals' cognitive and social development until their death. This is an example of a(n) _____.

From an ethical viewpoint, the ABAB design is preferred over the ABA design because:

In order to study personality development, a researcher studies the same individuals at 7, 14, 21, and 30 years of age. In this case, the researcher is using the _____ method.

Kazbour and Bailey (2010) conducted a study to evaluate an intervention to increase the use of designated drivers in a bar. First, the researchers tracked the number of patrons serving as or being with a designated driver. The researchers then implemented a treatment to increase the use of designated drivers, and finally measured how many bar patrons used a designated driver after the intervention was removed. This is an example of a _____.